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ivan zlax ([personal profile] is3) wrote2022-08-24 02:04 pm

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πŸ”— https://www.lib.umich.edu/collections/collecting-areas/special-collections-and-archives/history-astronomy-and-mathematics/galileo-manuscript
ΠžΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΈΠ· ΠœΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ унивСрситСта, авторство ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π“Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡŽ, оказалась ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π•Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ» Π’ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ° Никотра, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π» Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠœΠΎΡ†Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π°, ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… извСстных мастСров.

АмСриканский историк Ник Π£Π°ΠΉΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ», Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡŒ Π“Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΎ ГалилСя ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠœΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ унивСрситСта прСдставляСт собой ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΡƒ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ» извСстный Ρ„Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π’ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ° Никотра Π² 1930-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. Об этом сообщаСтся Π² прСсс-Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠœΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ унивСрситСта.

Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ прославился Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΡƒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ извСстного историчСского Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° авторства Π“Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΎ ГалилСя β€” рукописи БидСрСя Нунция.

Π’ этот Ρ€Π°Π· Π£Π°ΠΉΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ» Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°, хранящийся Π² ΠœΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ унивСрситСтС, написан Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅, которая Π½Π΅ попадалась историкам Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ 1770 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π“Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π² 1642 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ.

Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅Π» ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡŒ ГалилСя прСдставляСт собой ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΡƒ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° (ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ 1930-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²), ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ извСстным Ρ„Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π’ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ° Никотрой. НСзависимая экспСртиза ΠΎΡ‚ ΠœΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ унивСрситСта ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π£Π°ΠΉΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°.

Π’ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ° Никотра Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ самым Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Ρ„Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π₯Π₯ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π˜Π·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ приписывали Π“ΡŽΠΊΡƒ, ΠœΠΎΡ†Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρƒ, ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅, Π’Π°Π³Π½Π΅Ρ€Ρƒ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΡΡ пСрсоналиям.

МошСнник ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π» ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ дСньги Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΡƒ своих ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΊ Π₯Π°Ρ€Π²ΠΈ Бакс писал, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Никотра снимал сСмь ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ Π² МиланС β€” ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ для ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ своСй Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹.

πŸ”— https://techno.nv.ua/popscience/rukopis-galileo-galileya-okazalas-poddelkoy-poslednie-novosti-50265277.html
Image/photo
For nearly a century, the University of Michigan possessed a piece of paper that it considered β€œone of the jewels” of its library. Believed to have been written in 1609 and 1610 by astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei, it features a letter signed by the scientist describing a new telescope and sketches of moons orbiting Jupiter. The university held that it was the β€œfirst observational data that showed objects orbiting a body other than the earth.”

Galileo did use a new telescope in 1610 to discover that moons orbit around Jupiterβ€”a finding that helped substantiate Nicolaus Copernicus’ heliocentric theoryβ€”but he did not write the manuscript, the university announced last week following an investigation. Rather, the document was forged in the 20th century, most likely by a man named Tobia Nicotra.

β€œIt was pretty gut-wrenching when we first learned our Galileo was not actually a Galileo,” Donna L. Hayward, the interim dean of Michigan’s libraries, tells the New York Times’ Michael Blanding.

Doubt first arose when Nick Wilding, a Georgia State University historian and Galileo scholar, looked at an image of the Michigan manuscript, per the Times. β€œIt just kind of jumps out as weird,” he tells the Times, citing peculiar handwriting, word choice and ink color.

Wilding has an eye for this sort of thing. He teaches a class titled β€œForgeries, Facsimiles and Sophisticated Copies” at the University of Virginia’s Rare Book School, and he has uncovered forgeries beforeβ€”namely, the forgery of a copy of Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius that purportedly included Galileo’s original watercolors of the moon.

In a statement, the university says it is undergoing a β€œreconsideration of [the manuscript’s] place in the collection,” and that it β€œmay come to serve the research, learning and teaching interests in the arena of fakes, forgeries and hoaxes, a timeless discipline that's never been more relevant.”

Per the Times, the University of Michigan is considering taking a similar approach to the fake Galileo. Rather than tuck it away, the university may make it the centerpiece of a future exhibition on the art of forgery.

πŸ”— https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/historian-discovers-a-prized-galileo-manuscript-was-forged-180980615

#astronomy #documents #forgery #galileo #hoax #italy #past #revision #timespace

originally posted on ussr.win